Science has advanced dramatically in recent years in trying to explain how it is constructed the reality we perceive through our senses. Familiar concepts such as perception of color or the shapes and textures of material objects are merely models of reality created by the brain. These models are based on the physical stimuli received through the interaction of the elements of nature with our bodies. For example, in the sense of sight perception is done through the photons captured by the eye, which are received by the photoreceptors in the retina that we have, which are translated into electrical impulses transferred by the optic nerve, and interpreted by the brain to create a model of reality that allows the human (or animal) to cope effectively in the environment in which they live and thus able to complete the cycle of life for has been created.
Photons perceive daily (daylight) cycles have been created by nuclear fusion inside the Sun at a million miles away, which are received and recycled constantly by all living organisms on the surface of land.
Also, organisms that live on the surface of the earth are made of material elements which have in turn been created by supernova explosions caused ago billions of years and millions of light years away, the result of stars and / or planetary systems that have completed their life cycle in the past. These items are recycled in the Earth's surface through the creation of various forms of life from this land began in 3.000 million years ago in the form of protobacteria.
The terrestrial biosphere is constantly recycle the elements of the lithosphere and atmosphere, through a sustained and constant symbiosis. Life on earth as we know, could be defined then as a constant recycling of the elements of nature to maintain homeostasis at the surface of the earth, catalyzed by the sun's energy.
Living organisms since they were created, approx. a billion years after formation of the earth by the "condensation" of elements and inert material bonded around the newborn star, have dedicated themselves to steadily grow and replicate, for what they have always demanded more material elements and energy. The different ecosystems of life on earth interact with each turn regulating the ecosystem of the whole earth, and maintaining the homeostasis land as if it were a single organism. Gaia theory as a symbiotic relationship between different ecosystems of the earth tries to explain these concepts.
The replication process, procurement of items and energy, and waste disposal will continue happening as long as life on earth. The different forms of life that have existed and currently exist on earth, has always repeated the same cycle of recycling the material elements, and waste production through reproduction. Over time these life forms have evolved in ways more suited to the environment, but deep down cycle has always been and will be the same.
Different life forms have been developed and extinct since the creation of life on earth, despite the many natural phenomena that have limited and many Sometimes life off the land, but what has never happened in spite of all these phenomena has been the extinction of life on earth, species are created and extinguished but not life. Sometimes even life itself through its own waste has risked the development of life itself. Photosynthetic bacteria that initially captured the hydrogen and carbon from the initial land atmosphere rich in methane and carbon dioxide as a waste had the oxygen we breathe today, which initially was extremely harmful to the diverse life forms that inhabited the planet. However, far from extinct life, he created new forms of life in which the oxygen was used to metabolize the elements materials and energy needed for growth and reproduction.
the conditions that exist in the universe that we know are necessary and required to create the natural laws that allow the existence of life, if any of these conditions or variables have been slightly different from that is, the universe would totally different and life as we know it would be impossible. Living organisms and all the elements of the universe as we know it are formed by the accumulation of smaller items, which are known as molecules, atoms, and subatomic particles.
physical laws governing the interactions of smaller particles that make up all existing and known elements are the laws of quantum mechanics (quantum physics). Also, the forces that integrate and demonstrate in all interactions between the particles smaller and larger elements in the universe, are summarized in the four fundamental forces: electromagnetic force, gravity, strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force.
These forces are expressed in the universe by particles of force transmission, called bosons, and are subdivided into particles responsible for each type of force: the electromagnetic represented by photons, gravity by gravitons, the strong nuclear force by gluons, and weak nuclear W and Z bosons The most basic particles of matter known, are fermions, among which are the quarks and leptons, which in turn are split into electrons and neutrinos. It is important to note that the quarks together to form different types of particles, as the case of protons and neutrons, which are the best known particles of matter in nature.
Quantum mechanics explains through his mathematical formulas all the relationships and interactions between all elementary particles of nature. Once these elementary particles form atoms, molecules and macroscopic objects, the laws that explain their behavior are explained by classical physics. Ie there is a border between the laws of quantum mechanics that explain the behavior of subatomic particles and the laws of classical physics that explain the behavior of larger items. What is paradoxical is that the laws of quantum mechanics and the laws of classical physics are diametrically opposed.
classical laws that explain everything we perceive through our senses are basically deterministic, ie properties of objects can be defined and measured, and interactions between these can be determined at any time through the laws of physics. For example, if we know the position of a ball, and we know the force applied to a football player, as well as speed and wind resistance and other environmental variables and objects, we can determine its exact position and future career after of applied force.
By contrast, quantum mechanics tells us it is impossible to determine the properties of any particles before the observation, but only the probability distribution of these properties, defined by the wave function of each particle. Thus the principle indeterminacy of quantum mechanics also tells us that even determining a property of the particle, it will be impossible to determine the other properties. On the other hand, the principle of superimposition of quantum mechanics tells us that before the observation, the properties of the particle is located on a state of quantum superimposition means that the different properties of the particle are expressed all simultaneously, example if we want to know if the particle is in one place or another, what happens is that at the time the particle is at all possible places at once. The principle of entanglement tells us that two quantum particles can be linked despite being separated over long distances, so that the properties of one can be replicated by the other without any communication to mediate between them. Quantum mechanics also tells us that all particles can be both particles and waves, and the expression of each depends on the observation you make. The observation (measurement) makes the wave function ditribución up the chance of each particle, collapses in a particular property, which collapsed after it becomes irreversible and defined by classical physics. The observation defines the boundary between mechanics quantum and classical. The observation is defined as the measurement by a macroscopic object and registered by the consciousness of the observer.
In short, quantum mechanics tells us a totally different reality to the reality explained by classical physics, and we perceive. One of the most outstanding features of quantum mechanics is that it is based on the probability of something happening, the properties are possibilities, or potential defined by the wave function, which collapse into properties determined by observing and recording the observer's conscious . Two particles should interrelate to form a heavier particle, an atom, molecule, an object or ourselves, before being observed, they are just possibilities and potential that are in a state of quantum superimposition. For example an oxygen atom that combines with two hydrogen atoms to form a molecule of water before seen simply in a state of superimposition in which one of the possibilities and potential is to form a water molecule but simultaneously there are other possibilities and potential that this water molecule is formed. Finally, the fact that the water molecule forms and not others of other possibilities is made after the observation, and its realization concrete is based on the wave function that existed in the quantum state of these atoms before the observation.
observation and awareness are all elements that we perceive is perceived as items with specific properties, we can not perceive the different possibilities of these properties, but only one of them, the most probable according to the probability distribution defined for each element and / or object. Once these elements have been observed, and behave according to classical laws. It would be impossible to develop in a material world in which we perceive the various possibilities defined by quantum mechanics. Our brains in the process of evolution should be "translated" these laws probabilistic deterministic laws, creating models of reality that allows us to perform efficiently in the world around us.
the same way that our brains interpret the "color" of objects and light that "we" must have a process of interpretation of the laws that govern nature. We know that color is simply a wavelength of electromagnetic radiation manifested through photons or elementary particles of the electromagnetic force, which are emitted primarily as a result of the processes of nuclear fusion of hydrogen atoms in the sun, and irradiated continuously to the entire universe while the sun still exists to fuse hydrogen. These photons are radiated at different wavelengths according to the energy they contain, with only a small portion corresponding to the frequency range of visible light. This means that our photoreceptors in our retinas are only going to capture photons of certain frequency range, the others will never be captured by our eyes, despite being constantly emitted by the sun.
These photons are particles of energy (no mass), the "clash" with matter are absorbed or bounced depending on the composition of matter with which they collide. If you bounce, and we are close, these photons are captured by our eyes and are absorbed by our photoreceptors in the retina, which are rhodopsin molecules that react differently depending on the wavelength of the absorbed photon. In the retina there are three types of photoreceptors, one for each basic color, ie, for red, blue and green, others black and white. According to the wavelength of the photons received these are absorbed by each of the three types of photoreceptors translates the information into electrical impulses which are transmitted by the optic nerve to the brain.
is important to note that the photons have rebounded from the objects we see, are pictures of them in the retina, which is registered in two dimensions instead of three we perceive. This two-dimensional image translated into electrical impulses and transmitted to the brain by the optic nerve is then processed and interpreted in the brain through different processes, which together produce a model of the reality we are watching. The parallel brain reconstructs the captured image, adding depth, color, shape, texture, while the observed image compared with images stored in memory to add a meaning that can be useful for the person who is watching, no point we can see around us if we can not know or know what they're seeing, and that is where consciousness, to give meaning to what we perceive, and thus able to mobilize, develop ourselves efficiently in the world around us, and able to meet the life cycle previously defined by the first life forms on earth, which is to absorb elements and energy to grow and replicate, for which we must eliminate waste, which are the elements that serve as food for other forms of life.
the same way that the brain through vision and other senses using incomplete information and the complete environment to create a really efficient model also must interpret the probabilistic laws of quantum mechanics through the conscience, to introduce a coherent reality, predictable and in which we can develop to complete our life cycle.
